By: Cafo Boga / It’s time for Albania to reflect on the past and rethink its future

What I’m asking for is hard. It’s easier to be cynical; to accept that change isn’t possible, and politics is hopeless, and to believe that our voices and actions don’t matter. But if we give up now, then we forsake a better future. Barack Obama

Albania is a small yet stunning country, rich in natural diversity and breathtaking landscapes, from its seas to its mountains, complete with numerous lakes and streams that evoke the image of the Garden of Eden. Its indigenous people mirror this diversity; they are both brave and friendly, boasting a vibrant cultural and historical heritage. If you were to ask anyone, they would express pride in being Albanian, citing the nation’s peaceful nature, as they have never invaded or colonized other countries or exploited others. Albanians have treated their neighbors with respect, allowing them to coexist, despite some taking advantage of this kindness. Notably, Albania is the only country in Europe where religious harmony genuinely thrives and the only one that sheltered Jews during World War II. While the country has engaged in numerous wars, they were solely for the defense of its territory. Albanians uphold gender equality and have historically afforded women significant roles in society. As a hospitable people, they embrace all nations and harbor no hatred toward anyone. However, a pressing question arises: why are so many Albanians leaving their homeland? The answer lies in existing internal challenges that have yet to find permanent solutions. These issues largely revolve around human rights, including concerns about the independence and integrity of the judiciary, a lack of independent media, and ongoing corruption within government, law enforcement, and local institutions. These issues have greatly impeded it economic and social development. To gain a clearer understanding of this paradox, it is essential to examine Albania’s development within its historical context.

Historical Context

Albania’s journey since gaining independence in 1912 has been intricate, characterized by notable political, economic, and social transformations. The following is a summary of significant phases in Albania’s post-independence history, emphasizing political developments, economic shifts, social changes, and enduring challenges:

Albania proclaimed its independence from the Ottoman Empire on November 28, 1912. The initial years were marked by attempts to define national borders and establish governance amid regional turmoil and external influences. World War I severely disrupted Albania’s fledgling statehood, leading to territorial disputes and occupations that undermined its borders and governance. European powers acquiesced to Russia’s request to allocate Albanian lands to Slavic nations in the Balkans, including the Orthodox Greeks, despite the presence of indigenous Albanians. As a result, Albania lost over a third of its historical territory, causing a deep-seated wound to the national psyche that continues to resonate today.

The period from 1918 to 1939 was characterized by internal civil strife and instability, fueled by aggressive neighbors seeking to encroach further on Albanian territory. Albania was a monarchy under King Zog I from 1928 to 1939, yet this era was plagued by political turbulence, frequent governmental changes, and a weak administrative framework. The economy was predominantly agrarian. Although King Zog made sincere attempts to modernize both the country and its economy, these efforts were hindered by political instability, inadequate infrastructure, and foreign debt, which eventually culminated in the Italian invasion on April 7, 1939.

In the aftermath of World War II, Albania transitioned into a communist state, a period that lasted from 1945 to 1991. Led by Enver Hoxha, the communist government aimed to create a socialist society. This era was defined by stringent authoritarian governance, isolationism, and substantial state control over the economy. The regime instituted land reforms and nationalized industries, resulting in initial advances in literacy and healthcare. However, its focus on heavy industry often led to inefficiencies and shortages. Despite its numerous shortcomings and the suffering inflicted on the populace, the communist regime succeeded in eliminating internal divisions and establishing a stable, well-functioning state that was largely untouched by external interference, foiling all covert plans from other countries.

Transitional Period

Following the fall of the communist regime in 1991, Albania embarked on a transition to a multiparty democracy. The initial years were characterized by political instability, economic difficulties, and social upheaval. In 1997, the country faced a crisis marked by widespread civil unrest and the collapse of pyramid schemes that had attracted many Albanians’ savings. From 1990 to the present, the government has implemented significant economic reforms aimed at shifting from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one. These reforms included the privatization of state-owned enterprises, price liberalization, and agricultural reforms. Although the government sought advice from international experts, such as Jeffrey Sachs—a prominent American economist and advocate for economic reform in developing nations—he highlighted the challenges of transitioning to capitalism, particularly in post-communist countries and other regions experiencing significant economic change. He suggested that in contexts lacking established capitalist frameworks, capitalism might need to be essentially “built from scratch.” Whether the government fully grasped this assertion remains a question for historians. However, it is evident that the country’s economic structure was entirely dismantled, with factories and enterprises shutting down, and even machinery from factories and military tanks being sold for scrap. To address this sudden upheaval, the government enacted land reform, presumably to empower the population to become self-sufficient. Still, this reform lacked long-term planning and led to numerous issues in the future. No one has sat down to figure out the actual value of damages done during the transition period. Despite these challenges, the resilient Albanian people managed to navigate these tough times. Since the early 2000s, Albania has experienced steady economic growth driven by remittances, foreign investment, and a growing services sector. Nevertheless, the economy still faces structural challenges, including high unemployment, dependence on remittances, and a significant informal sector.

Albania’s most significant challenges remain in its political evolution and democratic strengthening. While the country has made considerable progress towards democratic governance, it still grapples with issues such as corruption, political polarization, and a fragile rule of law. Since obtaining candidate status for EU membership in 2014, Albania’s accession talks have hinged on enacting reforms in the judiciary, fighting corruption, and bolstering democratic institutions. On the social development side, emigration poses a considerable challenge, with many Albanians seeking opportunities abroad, resulting in population decline and demographic shifts. Currently, over a third of the Albanian population lives and works outside the country, primarily due to a lack of job and career advancement prospects, as well as declines in education and healthcare. Although some progress has been made, significant inequalities persist, especially in rural regions. In response, Albania has placed increasing emphasis on improving infrastructure, particularly in transportation and energy, to promote economic growth and facilitate integration with the European market. Some critics argue that such efforts are influenced by financial interests, potentially enabling government corruption, including money laundering, to thrive.

In summary, Albania’s journey since gaining independence has been characterized by a mix of formidable obstacles and notable achievements. From its turbulent early years and communist legacy to its ongoing pursuit of democratic consolidation and economic reform, Albania has demonstrated resilience and adaptability. As the country strives for European integration while tackling economic and political issues, it continues to navigate a path of transformation aimed at sustainable development and improving citizens’ quality of life. Strengthening institutions, curbing corruption, and creating economic opportunities are essential for securing a stable and prosperous future for Albania. With parliamentary elections scheduled for May 11, 2025, voters will cast their ballots for a new government to lead the country for the next four years. Now is an opportune moment for Albania to reflect on its past and rethink its future, analyzing past mistakes during this transition and steering the nation onto a more promising course. Albanians hold a deep admiration for America, and much of what America expresses or does shapes their conscience, actions and decisions. However, it is important for Albanians to recognize that, as a small country, trying to emulate the capitalism of the United States or larger European nations may not be beneficial. Albania currently lacks the capital and economic infrastructure needed to effectively compete in the global market. Instead, Albania should seek inspiration from smaller nations where both democracy and the economy have thrived and use those as models for its own development.

Albania needs to be careful about the type of capitalism it chooses to adopt, primarily because, in addition to limited domestic capital resources, the population lacks experience with capitalist systems. The country made a significant transition from feudalism to communism and finally to democracy. Newly elected government officials tasked with establishing a democratic governance structure and a market-oriented economy were educated under the communist regime and therefore possess little training or knowledge of capitalism.

Brief Overview of Capitalism

I may come across as somewhat academic, and this piece might not resemble a conventional newspaper article, but I believe that many newly elected MPs in Albania, stepping into Parliament for the first time, will encounter numerous terms they are unfamiliar with following the elections. Consequently, this article aims to provide a concise overview of capitalism that can aid them in making informed decisions.

Capitalism is an economic system defined by several key traits: individuals and companies can own and control property and resources; economic decisions related to production, investment, and distribution are shaped by supply and demand within a competitive marketplace; individuals and businesses can amass capital and reinvest profits to create additional wealth; competition among businesses and entrepreneurs spurs innovation and efficiency; and individuals exchange their labor for wages, facilitating a more efficient allocation of resources. These characteristics stand in contrast to the theories of Karl Marx, as articulated in his seminal work “Das Kapital,” as well as those of Engels and Lenin, which laid the groundwork for communist ideology.

Throughout history, many notable individuals have served as significant proponents of capitalism, each contributing meaningfully to the formation and advocacy of capitalist ideals through their writings, policies, and economic theories. Below are some of the most well-known champions of the capitalist system:

Adam Smith (1723-1790): Regarded as the “father of modern economics,” Smith’s influential work, “The Wealth of Nations” (1776), laid the foundation for classical economics and free-market capitalism. He advocated for the benefits of self-interest, competition, and the “invisible hand” that guides the economy. Smith’s core argument emphasized minimal government intervention, free trade, and labor specialization as essential elements to boost productivity and foster economic growth.

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): An important philosopher and economist, Mill further developed classical economic theories in his book, “Principles of Political Economy”. He highlighted the importance of individual freedom and justice within a capitalist framework. Mill argued for a balance between personal liberty and social justice, recognizing the strengths of capitalism while also acknowledging the need for certain regulatory measures.

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946): Often viewed as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, Keynes argued for government intervention to ensure full employment and stabilize economic cycles. In his pivotal work, “The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money” (1936), Keynes critiqued classical economics by asserting that aggregate demand is the primary driver of economic growth, and that a lack of demand can lead to prolonged unemployment and stagnation. He advocated for active fiscal policies, such as increased government spending and tax adjustments, to address economic fluctuations, contrasting with classical economists who supported minimal government interference. Among Keynes’s key contributions is the multiplier effect, which posits that an initial increase in spending can trigger further rises in income and consumption, thereby invigorating economic activity. His ideas gained traction during the Great Depression, influencing economic policies across many nations and aiding the establishment of welfare states. Keynesian economics endorses a regulated form of capitalism that recognizes the importance of government spending and intervention in addressing unemployment and stabilizing the economy.

Milton Friedman (1912-2006): A key figure in the Chicago School of Economics, Friedman was a strong advocate for free markets with limited government involvement. In his pivotal book “Capitalism and Freedom” (1962), he asserted that economic freedom is vital for political liberty. His primary principles included promoting monetarism, deregulation, and privatization, while emphasizing that government interference often results in inefficiencies.

Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992): An Austrian economist and political philosopher, Hayek is renowned for his defense of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism. In his notable work “The Road to Serfdom”, he warned about the dangers of government control, arguing that centralized planning can lead to totalitarianism. He emphasized the critical role of knowledge in economic decision-making and championed a decentralized approach to economic organization.

Ayn Rand (1905-1982): A philosopher and novelist who articulated capitalistic ideals through her writings, including “Atlas Shrugged” and “The Fountainhead”, Rand developed the philosophy of Objectivism, which promotes self-interest and laissez-faire capitalism. She maintained that capitalism is the only ethical economic system, as it allows individuals to pursue their rational self-interest and achieve their fullest potential.

Jeffrey Sachs (b. 1954): Known for his work in development economics and criticism of capitalism, Sachs highlights the need for economic reforms, especially in transitional economies, to create effective market-based systems. He advocates for a gradual approach to build functional capitalist economies in post-communist countries, emphasizing the establishment of necessary institutions.

These figures represent a wide range of viewpoints within the capitalist paradigm, including classical and libertarian perspectives, as well as critiques of government involvement. Their insights have profoundly impacted economic theory and policy, contributing significantly to the evolution of capitalist systems worldwide. Each has deepened our understanding of how capitalism functions and its ability to promote individual freedom, economic growth, and innovation. This renders their works vital for policymakers who are responsible for crafting policies and developing a capitalist framework that fulfills its intended purpose: to create a moral social order that allows individuals to seek their rational self-interest and achieve their potential with minimal government intrusion.

Unfortunately, Albanian government officials have fallen short of these capitalist ideals; rather, they have frequently emphasized personal benefits and quick wealth opportunities, resulting in widespread corruption that has hindered economic progress.

The Evolution of the Capitalistic System Over Time

Capitalism has evolved through distinct phases throughout history. Although scholars may propose various frameworks, the following major stages are widely acknowledged:

• Commercial Capitalism (16th to 18th Century): This era emerged during the Age of Exploration, fueled by trade and commerce. It witnessed the rise of merchant classes and the establishment of trade routes, leading to the creation of banking institutions to facilitate these transactions.
• Industrial Capitalism (Late 18th to 19th Century): Sparked by the Industrial Revolution, this phase introduced mechanization and mass production, marking a transition from agrarian economies to factory-based ones. This period also saw significant urbanization as people flocked to cities for job opportunities.
• Finance Capitalism (Late 19th to Early 20th Century): Characterized by the emergence of large corporations and monopolies, this era experienced considerable financial influence. Investments and mergers facilitated industry consolidation, and the stock market became an essential tool for investment.
• Welfare Capitalism (Mid 20th Century): Following World War II, particularly in Western countries, this phase integrated social welfare programs into the economic framework. It aimed to balance economic growth with social equity, leading to the development of the modern welfare state.
• Global Capitalism (Late 20th Century to Present): This current era is defined by globalization and the growing interconnection of economies worldwide, alongside the rise of multinational corporations operating across borders. The digital economy and advancements in technology have further transformed how capital is generated and exchanged.

In conclusion, the evolution of capitalism reflects the technological, social, and political transformations over time. Each stage has introduced new dynamics and challenges, adapting to the specific needs and circumstances of its era. We appear to be on the verge of a new phase in global capitalism, ready for transformation into something different. Understanding the historical context of capitalism is essential for participating in contemporary economic discussions and shaping policies. This insight is especially pertinent for Albania as it endeavors to establish its own capitalist system within a landscape shaped by diverse earlier forms of capitalism.

The Dual Nature of Capitalism

Throughout the 20th century, capitalism has frequently revealed its more troubling aspects. In recent years, it has faced intensified scrutiny and challenges to its legitimacy, especially as advancements in information technology (IT) have exposed various weaknesses and negative consequences linked to the system. The rise of globalization and technological progress has resulted in an increased concentration of wealth among the upper echelons of society. This widening wealth gap has ignited widespread discussions about the fairness and sustainability of capitalism, as many individuals feel marginalized in the economic landscape.

The transition to a technology-driven economy has predominantly benefited those with expertise in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, thereby worsening income inequality. The introduction of artificial intelligence and robotics has automated numerous industries, leading to job losses, particularly for low- and middle-skilled workers. This situation raises significant concerns regarding the future of work and the sufficiency of social safety nets for those affected by these changes. Additionally, the emergence of the gig economy has fostered precarious employment conditions, where job security and benefits are often limited, raising critical questions about the viability of such employment models within capitalism. Critics argue that capitalism frequently prioritizes profit over environmental issues; the relentless exploitation of natural resources for economic growth has caused considerable ecological harm, prompting urgent calls for more sustainable practices.

The negative impacts of climate change have spurred demands for a more responsible approach to resource management, pushing businesses and governments to reassess how their capitalist frameworks tackle long-term sustainability. The power of multinational corporations has surged, often resulting in lobbying efforts that skew policymaking in favor of corporate profit at the expense of public welfare. This situation has raised alarms about the democratic process and the integrity of governance. A focus on short-term profits within many publicly traded companies can lead to the neglect of long-term consequences for employees, communities, and the environment, sparking calls for a reevaluation of corporate governance and accountability. There has been a resurgence of movements advocating for fair wages, labor rights, and improved working conditions, challenging the assumption that capitalism inherently leads to equitable wealth distribution and opportunities. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical weaknesses in social safety nets and healthcare systems, intensifying critiques of capitalist frameworks that inadequately safeguard the most vulnerable members of society. Additionally, the rise of digital surveillance, data breaches, and privacy infringements perpetrated by companies that exploit consumer information has raised ethical concerns that undermine trust in capitalism. The commercialization of personal data by technology firms has sparked discussions about consumer rights and ownership of personal information, complicating the acceptance of contemporary capitalism.

In conclusion, while capitalism has demonstrated itself as a powerful driver of economic growth and innovation, it has also unveiled significant shortcomings that raise questions about its acceptance. Issues related to inequality, job displacement, environmental harm, corporate influence, social unrest, and ethical concerns have spurred calls for reforms and alternative economic models. As society confronts these challenges, the dialogue around potential reforms—such as integrating aspects of social capitalism, regulating monopolistic behavior, promoting fair labor standards, and fostering sustainable practices—is becoming increasingly important. This changing landscape implies that capitalism may need to evolve and rectify its deficiencies to sustain social legitimacy and acceptance in the future.

What economic system would be most suitable for Albania?

For emerging democratic nations like Albania, which may have limited experience with capitalism and insufficient capital, a “mixed economy” is often considered the most effective approach. This system integrates elements of both free-market capitalism and governmental oversight, establishing a balanced framework that can stimulate economic growth while enhancing social welfare. Below are key features and considerations of a mixed economy, along with alternative economic models that could prove beneficial:

• Regulated Market Economy: A mixed economy permits private ownership of assets and enterprises while implementing regulations to safeguard consumers, workers, and the environment. This fosters fair competition and helps prevent exploitation.
• Government Intervention: The government plays a crucial role in delivering public goods and services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. This involvement can establish a solid base for economic growth and human capital development without necessitating an immediate influx of capital.
• Social Safety Nets: Establishing safety nets (e.g., unemployment benefits, pensions) is vital to protect vulnerable groups. These initiatives can promote social stability and confidence in the new democratic system.
• Investment in Human Capital: Focusing on education and skill enhancement can cultivate a competitive workforce. Government initiatives and collaborations with international organizations may facilitate training and capacity-building efforts.
• Support for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Encouraging SMEs can lead to innovation and job creation. Providing access to microfinance, grants, and entrepreneurial training can assist business owners in launching and expanding their enterprises, thus contributing to economic diversity.
• Encouragement of Foreign Investment: Establishing a supportive investment environment with clear regulations can attract foreign direct investment (FDI), supplying the country with capital, technology, and expertise. Ensuring investor protection and political stability is essential for fostering this investment.

Here are some alternative economic models to consider:

• Social Market Economy: This model merges a competitive market economy with social policies aimed at ensuring an equitable distribution of wealth. It focuses on social justice, worker rights, and regulations to curb monopolistic practices, all while enhancing economic efficiency.
• Cooperative Economy: By promoting worker cooperatives and community-oriented enterprises, this approach empowers local communities and aligns economic activities with their specific needs. It fosters ownership and encourages democratic participation.
• State Capitalism: In certain contexts, a government-led economic model can effectively stimulate growth by concentrating on vital industries. Particularly in resource-abundant nations, state ownership of natural resources can generate national wealth, which may be reinvested in public goods and services.
• Sustainable Development Model: Adopting policies that encourage sustainable development is crucial for long-term viability. By prioritizing environmental sustainability in economic strategies, countries can sidestep the challenges faced by more developed economies and promote a diversified and resilient economy.

In conclusion, emerging democratic countries like Albania, which grapple with the dual challenges of transitioning to a new economic framework and having limited capital, can benefit from a mixed economy approach. This system creates a structure that not only fosters private sector growth but also ensures social equity and stability through government intervention. By drawing lessons from the experiences of other nations, focusing on education, investing in infrastructure, and encouraging entrepreneurship, Albania can progressively establish a resilient and inclusive economic system that supports sustainable development and prosperity. Moreover, maintaining adaptability and a willingness to implement evidence-based policies tailored to the local context will be vital for achieving long-term economic success.

Recommended Economic and Political Role Model for Albania

The Nordic model, commonly associated with nations such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland, is frequently recognized as an effective economic and political framework, particularly for smaller countries. Here are several reasons it is deemed successful:

• Comprehensive Welfare System: Nordic nations offer extensive social services, including healthcare, education, unemployment benefits, and pensions. This robust safety net diminishes inequality and ensures that citizens can maintain a basic standard of living. The emphasis on universal access to essential services, especially in health and education, fosters a more equitable society and enhances overall quality of life.
• Economic Resilience: The Nordic model prioritizes active labor market policies that facilitate job transitions and provide training, resulting in a skilled workforce. This focus contributes to high employment rates and minimizes long-term unemployment. The public sector plays a vital role in innovation and economic stability, supporting areas like education and healthcare, which in turn bolster a productive labor force.
• Flexibility and Competitiveness: The Nordic model strikes a unique balance between labor market flexibility and social security, enabling businesses to swiftly adapt to economic shifts while still safeguarding workers. This approach encourages job creation alongside job security, accommodating the dynamic nature of modern economies. Policies that promote research and development, coupled with high educational standards, stimulate innovation, positioning Nordic countries competitively on the global stage.
• Political Stability and Trust: High levels of public trust in institutions and governance foster political stability, which facilitates effective policymaking and a collaborative political culture. Pluralistic and cooperative political systems allow for diverse voices to be represented, leading to policies that reflect a broader consensus and gain public acceptance.
• Equitable Taxation: The Nordic model features a progressive tax system that redistributes wealth to fund social programs and services beneficial to the entire population, thereby reducing economic disparities. The taxes collected are reinvested into public goods, contributing to community stability and promoting long-term economic growth.
• Emphasis on Gender Equality: Nordic countries are often ranked among the highest for gender equality, a critical factor in economic performance.

Final Thoughts and Recommendations

In today’s complex world, national leadership has never been more challenging. A successful leader of the nation embodies a blend of skills and qualities that allow them to articulate a compelling vision and inspire citizens toward common goals. Their actions are rooted in purpose, fostering motivation and a sense of belonging among the populace.

Strong national leaders exhibit self-awareness, enabling them to navigate difficulties with resilience. They show genuine concern for their constituents, building trust and rapport through active listening and open communication. Adapting to changing circumstances, they demonstrate resilience and a positive attitude, inspiring the nation to overcome challenges together. By recognizing and empowering the strengths of individuals within the community, they promote autonomy and collaboration, effectively distributing responsibilities to foster a united and engaged citizenry.

Integrity is vital for national leaders; they must model ethical behavior, hold themselves accountable, and earn the respect of their constituents. Successful leaders embrace feedback as an opportunity for growth and commit to continuous personal and professional development, keeping abreast of industry trends and leadership practices. They celebrate milestones and provide positive reinforcement, fostering a culture of collaboration, respect, and shared success that enhances community dynamics and productivity. While few leaders may embody every quality, but those seeking the support of their constituents should strive to demonstrate the majority of these essential traits or pursue some other endeavor.

In summary, effective leadership at the national level is an ongoing journey that demands the cultivation of diverse skills and mindsets. Accomplished national leaders skillfully weave together a compelling vision for the future, harnessing emotional intelligence to connect with the diverse populace they serve. They excel in strong communication, articulating policies and ideas in a way that resonates with and mobilizes citizens.

Ethical principles guide their actions, ensuring transparency and accountability, which are essential for building trust among the public. Additionally, adaptability enables them to respond to the dynamic challenges of governance and societal needs effectively. Moreover, by nurturing a culture of trust and collaboration among various stakeholders—government institutions, communities, and civic organizations—national leaders foster unity and collective progress. By exemplifying these traits, they can inspire and guide their nations toward enduring success and resilience in an ever-changing world.

Albania is endowed with the natural resources essential for building a prosperous sustainable economy, and its people are capable of rapidly acquiring knowledge, as evidenced by their notable success in international careers. However, the nation grapples with substantial challenges, primarily stemming from an incompetent or ineffective ruling class, many of whom are entrenched in corruption, coupled with a failing education system that exacerbates brain drain through significant emigration. Reforming the education system is essential for fostering a new class of leadership and addressing these pressing issues.

In the 21st century, education is more important than ever, serving as the foundation for personal development, economic advancement, and social cohesion. A well-educated workforce is critical for adapting to rapid technological advancements and shifting job markets, making skills training and digital literacy vital for employability. Education encourages creativity, critical thinking, and innovation, while simultaneously breaking the cycle of poverty by equipping individuals with the essential knowledge for enhanced job prospects. Furthermore, it promotes civic engagement, deepens cultural understanding, and supports informed decision-making regarding global challenges. By emphasizing lifelong learning, education not only fosters personal growth and mental resilience but also plays a key role in promoting sustainability and addressing urgent environmental challenges.

In conclusion, I believe it was Abraham Lincoln who said:” The best way to predict the future is to create it”. Albanians need to acknowledge that to date, the current approach of the country has not yielded the desired outcomes. It is time for Albania to evaluate its past and reconsider its future direction. At the very least, Albania should: cultivate a new generation of leaders; eliminate corruption; and prioritize education and the welfare of its citizens over investments in skyscrapers and unregulated development. Without this change in priorities, Albania faces the risk of continued depopulation – potentially evolving into a place exclusively for the rich and famous.

“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” – Nelson Mandela